000			01519nab a2200205 4500
005			20260520001933.0
008			260224s2011 xxu
245	0	0	_aTransportation of heavy and extra-heavy crude oil by pipeline _bA review
260			_a _b _cene. 2011
270			_a26/05/2011 ; 19/05/2011
300			_a8 p. ; 274-282
520			_aTranscripción del resumen del autor: The transportation of heavy and extra-heavy crude oils from the head-well to the refinery is becoming important since their production is currently rising all over the world. Such oils are characterized by a low API gravity (< 20) and high viscosity (> 103 cP at 298.15 K) that render difficult oil flow through pipelines. Conventional technology pipelining is designed for light and medium oil crudes, but the pipelining of heavy and extra-heavy crude oils may be challenging because of their high viscosities, asphaltene and paraffin deposition, increasing content of formation water, salt content and corrosion issues. In this paper, the current and innovative technological solutions covering viscosity and friction reduction to move such crude oils from the production site to the processing facilities are thoroughly discussed.
581			_a3-4
773	0		_tJournal of Petroleum Science & Engineering _g75
942			_cARTICULO
100	1		_aBernal-Huicochea, Rafael _949884
100	1		_aMosqueira, María de Lourdes de _949885
100	1		_aZapata Rendón, Beatriz _949886
999			_c181812 _d181812