000			02499nam a2200205 4500
005			20260522143318.0
008			260224s xxu
100	1		_aHamre, Sigurd _941919
100	1		_aJohannessen, Arve _941920
110	2		_aInternational Gas Union _921624
111	2		_aWorld Gas Conference (23rd. : 2006 jun 5-9 : Amsterdam, The Netherlands) _939854
245	0	0	_aChallenges in creating an Infrastructure for the Transportation of Gas _bPrepared for WOC 3 - Study Group 3.3
270			_a02/09/2025 ; 2009-09-02
300			_a19 p.
500			_aEste documento está en CD en nuestra biblioteca, consulte por su disponibilidad.
520			_aExploration for, and production of hydrocarbons has in recent years moved to deep water frontiers at ever increasing distances from the potential markets. For production offshore liquid hydrocarbons are relatively easily produced to FPSO's and transported to the markets by shuttle tankers, the challenge on how to transport gas from fields far from the markets and/or at large water depths remains. The industry has hitherto concentrated its efforts on converting relatively small volumes of gas to liquids in the form of LNG, LPG, NGL, diesel or methanol which can be transported to the markets by conventional means. However, the energy used in converting the gas to liquids and the operational costs are significant and transportation by pipeline could therefore be the preferred solution for transportation of large volumes of gas provided the necessary infrastructure can be created. For this to succeed problems associated with the construction of large diameter, long distance offshore pipelines, possibly crossing deep waters need to be solved. Additionally problems associated with long distance tie-backs of remote gas fields, often in deep waters to platforms or land based facilities need to be addressed. Onshore, environmental issues play an increasing part in determining the feasibility of constructing and operating pipelines. Also of importance onshore is the perceived safety related to low pressure pipelines This paper will present a state of the art of the technologies available for such construction. Limitations of available technologies will be discussed and possible ways forward will be presented. The paper will further show a way forward to create the infrastructure required to make gas the "Fuel of Choice" /1/.
650		0	_aNoruega _921651
942			_cCONGTP _2ddc
999			_c170428 _d170428