Resumen del autor, extraído del trabajo. The depth of oil refining in Russia amounts to 63-65 % while in developed countries in Europe and America it is as high as 85-95 %. This requires broad implementation of secondary destructive oil refining processes (catalytic cracking, hydrocracking, thermal processes). At the same time it is necessary to solve the problems of being in compliance with the new strict environmental requirements for motor gasolines and diesel fuels. In the manufacture of motor gasolines the first and foremost task consists in phasing out lead and passing over to the production of predominatingly high-octane unleaded gasolines to substitute for A- 76 and A-80. In the manufacture of diesel fuels it is necessary to cease the production of high-sulphur fuel (sulphur -above 0.2 %) and to organize large-scale production of clean burning diesel fuel (sulphur -less than 0.05 wt. %). To deepen oil refining schemes based on separate processing of vacuum distillates and petroleum residues prove to be most promising. Deep conversion of vacuum distillates to motor fuels is achieved by means of catalytic cracking and hydrocracking. Thermal processing (visbreaking, delayed coking, thermocontact cracking) is expedient for residual feedstock processing.