At the dawn of the 20th Century the Argentine was in the economic rise after 90thfinantial crisis, strike ahead in the agricultural commodities exporting countries, under a strong dependence from English coal.The first steps facing the oil demand started in the Cuyo Basin around 1887, upon the effort of the pioneer Carlos Fader, who developed the Cacheuta Oilfield (Mendoza Province), drilling dozens of wells and building oilpipes and a small refinery.The decree from President Roca (1904) authorized the search of water, coal and minerals leaded by the General Mines and Hydrology Commission, which found oil in 1907, with the drilling of the well 2 (Chubut) in Comodoro Rivadavia. This fact triggered inside the National Congress, the debate about the state or private participation in the oil future policy.Based in the studies performed by Anselmo Windhausen and Juan Keidel, in 1918 was discovered oil in the city of Plaza Huincul into Jurassic reservoirs. The oil story started with the discovery of new hydrocarbon accumulations in the areas of "Huincul Arc" first and then in the rest of the basin. During the 70 and 80 years (golden age) the exploratory race reach the Catriel, Rincon de los Sauces and Loma la Lata places, with outstanding reserves incorporated to the country.The creation of YPF (State Company) in 1922 was of paramount importance as an official main actor in the hydrocarbon business.With a centennial experience in exploration and development plays into conventional oilfield and the first steps being performed in non conventional resources (tight and shale) in the last years, the Argentinean energy balance still shows a strong dependence from hydrocarbons (>60%).Although the fast advances in renewal resources (hydroelectric, geothermal, solar and wind power) the hydrocarbons dependence will last for the next decades. This setting will demand to the new geoscientist generation a new challenge for exploration new oilfields